Ursolic Acid — Food Sources, Benefits, Side Effects and Supplement

Anticancer Effects

Numerous fruits and herbs naturally contain ursolic acid, a triterpenoid shown to have strong anti-cancer effects by various pathways. One of the main mechanisms is the induction of apoptosis, in which ursolic acid causes cancer cells to undergo programmed cell death by activating both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways (9). Furthermore, it prevents cancer cell proliferation by influencing important signaling pathways that are essential for cell development and survival, like PI3K/Akt and MAPK (10). Additionally, ursolic acid has anti-angiogenic qualities that limit the growth and metastasis of tumors by preventing the development of new blood vessels (11). Moreover, it has been demonstrated to inhibit the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are enzymes that promote the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (12). 

The effectiveness of ursolic acid as an anticancer drug has been demonstrated across a range of cancer types. Studies show that it works especially well against breast cancer, where it causes apoptosis and suppresses cell growth (13). Because ursolic acid promotes an anti-inflammatory response and has anti-angiogenic characteristics, it inhibits the growth of tumors and decreases metastasis in colorectal cancer (14). In addition, it significantly reduces the risk of prostate cancer by causing cell cycle arrest and modifying androgen receptor signaling (15). Additionally, research has demonstrated that by promoting apoptosis and preventing angiogenesis, ursolic acid can effectively stop the growth of liver cancer cells. Its ability to block cell migration and invasion in lung cancer highlights its potential to stop metastasis (16). 

Antidiabetic Effects

A major mechanism via which ursolic acid reduces diabetes is by improving insulin sensitivity and lowering glucose tolerance(17). It increases the absorption of blood glucose by muscles and decreases the production of gluconeogenesis in the liver by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential energy sensor (18). Furthermore, ursolic acid increases the amount of glucose that cells absorb by modulating the expression of glucose transporters, especially GLUT4 (19). 

Cardiovascular Health 

Studies show that ursolic acid protects the cardiovascular system in a number of ways. It exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities that help reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation that are frequently linked to heart disease.

 By raising HDL cholesterol and lowering LDL and triglyceride levels, ursolic acid also helps to enhance lipid profiles (20). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that it can improve endothelial function and suppress platelet aggregation, which can improve vascular health and lower the risk of thrombosis and atherosclerosis (21). 

Brain Health

According to research, ursolic acid has neuroprotective qualities that may lessen the impacts of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that lessen inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, two important processes in the development of many illnesses (22). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ursolic acid stimulates the development and differentiation of brain cells, improving memory and cognitive abilities (23). Its capacity to pass through the blood-brain barrier increases its therapeutic potential and positions it as a strong contender for the development of drugs meant to maintain brain function and stave off cognitive decline.

Muscle Health and Exercise Performance

Ursolic acid has shown promising effects in combating sarcopenia - age-related muscle atrophy and loss of strength of skeletal muscles. Studies show that ursolic acid can promote the growth of muscle mass and performance in a number of ways. It promotes the synthesis of muscle proteins in part via triggering the mTOR signaling pathway, which is essential for the development and maintenance of muscle cells (24). Furthermore, ursolic acid has anti-inflammatory qualities that lessen chronic inflammation, which in turn helps older people's muscles deteriorate. Additionally, it aids in enhancing mitochondrial function via stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane, which lessens tiredness and increases muscle endurance (25). Because of these combined benefits, ursolic acid may be used as a medicinal medication to prevent or lessen the symptoms of sarcopenia, encouraging older people to age more healthfully and live better.

Studies suggest that ursolic acid may improve muscle strength and endurance by promoting muscle growth (26). It works by increasing the activity of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and muscle-specific proteins, which are crucial for muscle repair and growth.

Allergy

Ursolic acid has shown promise in modulating allergic responses, owing to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Research suggests that ursolic acid can inhibit the release of histamine, a key mediator in allergic reactions, from mast cells and basophils (27). By suppressing the activity of these cells, ursolic acid may reduce symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness associated with allergic reactions. Additionally, its ability to downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress further contributes to alleviating allergic responses. These effects make ursolic acid a potential natural compound for managing allergies, particularly those related to seasonal changes or chronic inflammatory conditions (28). However, while preliminary findings in mice are encouraging, more extensive clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of ursolic acid in allergy management.

Drug Interactions

Ursolic acid can potentially interact with various medications, leading to altered effects or increased risk of side effects. Its effects on liver enzymes may have an impact on the metabolism of pharmaceuticals that are metabolized by the liver, including anti-seizure drugs, statins, and some antidepressants (29).

 This could result in an increase in their toxicity or a decrease in their effectiveness. Moreover, the potential impact of its antioxidant properties on the activity of chemotherapy medicines may improve their efficacy (30).